Anthocyanins-rich interventions on oxidative stress, inflammation and lipid profile in patients undergoing hemodialysis: meta-analysis and meta-regression.

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of anthocyanins-interventions on oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid profile in patients undergoing hemodialysis. This systematic review and meta-analysis were registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO CRD42020209742). The primary outcome was anthocyanins-rich intervention on OS parameters and secondary outcome was anthocyanins-rich intervention on inflammation and dyslipidemia. RevMan 5.4 software was used to analyze the effect size of anthocyanins-rich intervention on OS, inflammation and dyslipidemia. Meta-analysis effect size calculations incorporated random-effects model for both outcomes 1 and 2. Eight studies were included in the systematic review (trials enrolling 715 patients; 165 men and 195 women; age range between 30 and 79 years). Anthocyanin intervention in patients undergoing hemodialysis decrease the oxidant parameters (std. mean: -2.64, 95% CI: [-3.77, -1.50], P ≤ 0.0001, I2 = 97%). Specially by reduction of malondialdehyde products in favor of anthocyanins-rich intervention (std. mean: -14.58 µmol.L, 95% CI: [-26.20, -2.96], P ≤ 0.0001, I2 = 99%) and myeloperoxidase (std. mean: -1.28 ηg.mL, 95% CI: [-2.11, -0.45], P = 0.003, I2 = 77%) against placebo group. Decrease inflammatory parameters (std. mean: -0.57, 95% CI: [-0.98, -0.16], P = 0.007, I2 = 79%), increase HDL cholesterol levels (std. mean: 0.58 mg.dL, 95% CI: [0.23, 0.94], P = 0.001, I2 = 12%) against placebo group. Anthocyanins-rich intervention seems to reduce oxidative stress, inflammatory parameters and improve lipid profile by increasing HDL cholesterol levels in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis.

Hypolipidemic effect of steroid compound from Cestrum diurnum (Solanaceae: Solanales) in normocholesterolemic albino rat.

The present study was carried out to establish the hypolipidemic effect of a phyto-steroid compound isolated from the chloroform: methanol extract of fresh mature leaves of the plant Cestrum diurnum (Solanaceae: Solanales). Change in the haematological parameters was studied in normocholesterolemic albino rats after oral administration of single dose of isolated phytosteroid (2 mg/ day) up to 15 days and compared with control rats. Application of phytosteroid fraction resulted in a significant reduction in total plasma cholesterol and free cholesterol levels. The plasma triglyceride levels also decreased significantly. A sharp increase in the HDL cholesterol level and a significant decrease in the LDL and VLDL amount were also documented. Free fatty acid level was significantly low in treated rats.

Dietary supplementation with L-lysine affects body weight and blood hematological and biochemical parameters in rats.

L-Lysine (Lys) is a popular additive in foods, but the physiological effects of excess Lys supplementation are poorly understood and upper limits of safe intake have not been established. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of dietary supplementation with increasing amounts of Lys on body weight (BW), food intake, and various blood hematological and biochemical parameters in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats at 10 weeks of age were assigned to ten diet groups (eight rats/group) and fed diets containing either 7% or 20% casein and supplemented with either 0% (Control), 1.5%, 3%, 6% Lys, or 6% Lys + 3% arginine for 1 week. Rats fed 7% casein with ≥ 1.5% Lys supplementation had lower serum albumin and leptin and higher LDL cholesterol (LDLC), ratios of total cholesterol (TC):HDL cholesterol (HDLC) and LDLC:HDLC than those fed 7% casein Control diet (P < 0.05). Rats fed 7% casein diet supplemented with 3% Lys diet had lower BW gain, food intake, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, blood urea nitrogen and serum pancreatic polypeptide compared to rats fed the Control diet (P < 0.05). Addition of 6% Lys in 7% casein caused significant BW loss (P < 0.001) and altered additional parameters. Addition of 6% Lys in a 20% casein diet reduced BW gain and food intake and altered numerous parameters. Arg supplementation normalized many of the endpoints changed by Lys. Collectively, these results show that Lys supplementation affects BW, food intake and a number of hematological and biochemical parameters. These effects of Lys supplementation were confined primarily in diets with lower levels of dietary protein. In the context of a low protein diet (7% casein), levels of Lys supplementation ≥ 1.5% may exert adverse health effects in rats.

Comparison of efficacy and safety of combination therapy with statins and omega-3 fatty acids versus statin monotherapy in patients with dyslipidemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Both statins and omega-3 fatty acids demonstrate beneficial effects on lipid concentrations. The goal was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combination therapy with statins and omega-3 fatty acids. METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published data to compare the safety and efficacy of combination therapy with statins and omega-3 fatty acids versus statin monotherapy in patients with dyslipidemia. Six articles were assessed in the present meta-analysis (quantitative assessment) and qualitative assessment. RESULTS: In terms of efficacy, the combination treatment afforded a significantly greater reduction in total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol than statin alone did [standard difference in means = -0.215; 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.359--0.071]. However, there was no significant difference in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol between the 2 groups. Qualitative assessment of other lipid parameters was performed. Combination therapy with statins and omega-3 fatty acids was generally more effective on lipid concentration than statin monotherapy. In terms of safety, there were no significant differences in total adverse events between the 2 groups. Gastrointestinal adverse events were found to be significantly increased in patients receiving combination therapy using the fixed-effects model (relative risk = 0.547; 95% CI 0.368-0.812). CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that combination therapy with statins and omega-3 fatty acids enhances lipid profile, except LDL cholesterol, compared with statin monotherapy. Nevertheless, statin and omega-3 fatty acid combination should be cautiously recommended, taking into account the clinical importance of LDL cholesterol and safety issues associated with their concomitant use.

Abordagem das hipertrigliceridemias graves / Management to severe hypertriglyceridemia

Os níveis de triglicérides plasmáticos são biomarcadores das lipoproteínas ricas em triglicérides circulantes e de seus remanescentes. Formas leves a moderadas de hipertrigliceridemia podem ser secundárias a outras desordens metabólicas, fatores ambientais ou medicamentos, ou ainda poligênicas. Já as formas mais graves são, em geral, monogênicas e resultam de alterações em seis genes. Fatores não genéticos podem exacerbar as hipertrigliceridemias. As hipertrigliceridemias classificam-se quanto à gravidade em leves a moderadas (triglicérides > 200-499 mg/dL) e graves (acima de 500 mg/dL) ou muito graves (> 885 mg/dL, ou > 1000 mg/dL). Quando a hipertrigliceridemia se associa à elevação do LDL-colesterol e/ou à redução do HDL-colesterol, existe risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares. No entanto, nas formas graves de hipertrigliceridemia, a pancreatite e as dores abdominais recorrentes são as principais complicações. Estudos prospectivos observacionais, de randomização mendeliana e de intervenção terapêutica mostram não apenas a associação entre marcadores lipídicos e risco de doença cardiovascular, mas podem também evidenciar moléculas que sejam alvos terapêuticos no tratamento de dislipidemias e na redução do risco de eventos cardiovasculares. O tratamento das hipertrigliceridemias tem como objetivos a redução imediata do risco de pancreatite em pacientes com hipertrigliceridemias graves (> 1000 mg/dL) e redução do risco cardiovascular global nas formas leves a moderadas. Dieta restrita em gorduras e carboidratos simples, restrição de álcool, e o uso de fibratos isolados ou associados a ácidos graxos ômega-3 e ácido nicotínico são as principais opções terapêuticas. No entanto, as formas genéticas, que incluem as quilomicronemias familiares, são pouco responsivas à associação de fármacos, havendo necessidade de novas terapias para seu controle

Plasma concentrations of triglycerides are considered biomarkers of circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants. Mild to moderate hypertriglyceridemia may be secondary to other metabolic disorders, environmental factors, drugs, or polygenic factors. On the other hand, severe forms of hypertriglyceridemia are generally monogenic and the result of six defective genes. Hypertriglyceridemia can be exacerbated by non-genetic factors. It can be classified, according to severity, as mild to moderate (triglycerides >200-499 mg/dL), severe (> 500 mg/dL) or very severe (> 885 mg/dL, or > 1000 mg/dL). When hypertriglyceridemia is associated with LDL-cholesterol elevation and/or a reduction in HDL-cholesterol, there is an increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, in severe forms of hypertriglyceridemia, pancreatitis and recurrent abdominal pain are the main complications. Prospective observational studies, Mendelian randomization studies and intervention studies have not only demonstrated the association between lipid markers and cardiovascular risk, but can also identify molecules as therapeutic targets in the treatment of dyslipidemias and reduction of pancreatitis and cardiovascular risk. Treatment of hypertriglyceridemia has two main objectives: to immediately reduce the risk of pancreatitis in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia (> 1000 mg/dL), and to reduce global cardiovascular risk in mild to moderate forms. A diet that is low in fat and simple carbohydrates, with alcohol intake, and the use of fibrates, either alone or combined with omega-3 fatty acids, and niacin are the best therapeutic options. However, severe genetic hypertriglyceridemia, including familial chylomicronemia, are less responsive to drug therapy, even in combination, and require new strategies for control of dyslipidemia

A coconut extra virgin oil-rich diet increases HDL cholesterol and decreases waist circumference and body mass in coronary artery disease patients / El aceite de coco virgen extra rico en ácidos grasos incrementa el colesterol HDL y disminuye la circunferencia de la cintura y la masa corporal en pacientes con enfermedades de la arteria coronaria

Introduction: saturated fat restriction has been recommended for coronary arterial disease, but the role of coconut oil (Cocos nucifera L.) extra virgin, lauric acid source in the management of lipid profile remains unclear. Objective: to evaluate the effect of nutritional treatment associated with the consumption of extra virgin coconut oil in anthropometric parameters and lipid profile. Methods: we conducted a longitudinal study of 116 adults of both sexes presenting CAD. Patients were followed in two stages: the first stage (basal-3 months), intensive nutritional treatment. In the second stage (3-6 months), the subjects were divided into two groups: diet group associated with extra virgin coconut oil consumption (GDOC) and diet group (DG). Held monthly anthropometric measurements: body mass, waist circumference (WC), neck circumference (PP), body mass index (BMI). Gauged to collected blood pressure and blood samples were fasted for 12 hours, for total cholesterol analysis and fractions apoproteins (Apo A-1 and B), glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), insulin (I). Comparing the averages at the beginning and end of the study employing the paired Student t-independent. And set the diastolic blood pressure by BMI using ANOVA. Analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical package, being significant p < 0.05. Results: the mean age of the population was 62.4 ± 7.7 years, 63.2% male, 70% elderly, 77.6% infarcted, 52.6% with angina, hypertension and dyslipidemia 100%. In the first stage the nutritional treatment reduced body weight, WC, BMI and PP and insulin concentrations, HbA1C, HOMA-IR and QUICK, without changing the other parameters. In the second stage of the study, it was observed that the GDOC maintained the reduction of body mass, BMI, WC, with a significant difference between groups for DC (-2.1 ± 2,7cm; p < 0.01). In addition, there was an increase in HDL-C concentrations, Apo A, with significant difference in GD, only for HDL-C (3.1 ± 7.4 mg/dL; p = 0.02). Conclusion: it was observed that the nutritional treatment associated with extra virgin coconut oil consumption reduced the CC and increased HDL-C levels in patients with CAD (AU)

Introducción: el aceite de coco (Cocos nucifera L.) virgen extra contiene una alta proporción de ácidos grasos de cadena media que parecen contribuir a la reducción del peso y podría ayudar en la prevención secundaria de la enfermedad arterial coronaria (EAC). Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del tratamiento nutricional asociado con el consumo de aceite de coco virgen extra en los parámetros antropométricos y el perfil lipídico. Métodos: se realizó un estudio longitudinal de 116 adultos de ambos sexos que presentan CAD. Los pacientes fueron seguidos en dos etapas: en la primera etapa (basal-3 meses), se llevó a cabo un tratamiento nutricional intensivo. En la segunda etapa (3-6 días), los sujetos fueron divididos en dos grupos: grupo asociado con el consumo de aceite extra virgen de coco (GDOC) y el grupo de dieta (GD). Se realizaron mediciones mensuales antropométricas: peso, circunferencia de la cintura (CC), circunferencia del cuello (PP) e índice de masa corporal (IMC). Se tomó la presión arterial y muestras de sangre recogidas en ayunas durante 12 horas para el análisis de colesterol total y lipoproteínas, apoproteínas (Apo A-1 y B), glucosa, hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c) e insulina (I). Se compararon los promedios al principio y al final del estudio mediante el test t de Student-independiente. Se ajustó la presión arterial diastólica por el IMC mediante ANOVA. Los análisis se realizaron con el paquete estadístico SPSS, siendo significativa p < 0.05. Resultados: la edad media de la población fue de 62,4 ± 7,7 años, el 63,2% hombres, 70% mayores, el 77,6% con infarto de miocardio, el 52,6% con angina de pecho y el 100% con hipertensión arterial y dislipidemia. En la primera etapa del tratamiento nutricional se redujeron las concentraciones de insulina, peso, WC, IMC y PP, HbA1C, HOMA-IR y rápido, sin cambiar otros parámetros. En la segunda etapa del estudio se observó que la GDOC mantiene la reducción del peso, BMI, WC, con una diferencia significativa entre los grupos para DC (-2,1 ± 2,7 cm; p < 0,01). Además, se produjo un aumento en las concentraciones de HDL-C, Apo A, con una diferencia significativa en GD, solo para HDL-C (3,1 ± 7,4 mg/dl; p = 0,02). Conclusión: se observó que el tratamiento nutricional asociado con el consumo de aceite de coco virgen extra redujo la CC e incrementó los niveles de HDL-C en pacientes con CAD (AU)

Comparative effects of hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge) pectin and pectin hydrolyzates on the cholesterol homeostasis of hamsters fed high-cholesterol diets.

This study aims to compare the effects of feeding haw pectin (HP), haw pectin hydrolyzates (HPH), and haw pectin pentasaccharide (HPPS) on the cholesterol metabolism of hypercholesterolemic hamsters induced by high-cholesterol diets. The animals were fed a standard diet (SD), high-cholesterol diet (HCD), or HCD plus HP, HPH, or HPPS at a dose of 300mg/kg body weight for 4weeks. Results showed that HPPS was more effective than HP and HPH in decreasing the body weight gain (by 38.2%), liver weight (by 16.4%), and plasma and hepatic total cholesterol (TC; by 23.6% and 27.3%, respectively) of hamsters. In addition, the bile acid levels in the feces were significantly higher by 39.8% and 132.8% in the HPH and HPPS groups than in the HCD group. Such changes were not noted in the HP group. However, the HP group had higher cholesterol excretion capacities than the HPH and HPPS groups by inhibiting cholesterol absorption in the diet, with a 21.7% increase in TC excretion and a 31.1% decrease in TC absorption. Thus, HPPS could be a promising anti-atherogenic dietary ingredient for the development of functional food to improve cholesterol metabolism.

HDL protein composition alters from proatherogenic into less atherogenic and proinflammatory in rheumatoid arthritis patients responding to rituximab.

OBJECTIVE: An atherogenic lipid profile is an established risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Interestingly, high inflammatory states as present in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are associated with unfavourable lipid profile. Data about effects of novel immunomodulating agents as rituximab (RTX) on lipid profile are limited. Therefore, changes in lipids in RTX treated RA patients were evaluated. METHODS: In 49 consecutive RTX treated RA patients, serum and EDTA plasma samples were collected at baseline, 1, 3 and 6 months. In these samples, lipid and levels were assessed to determine changes in time. Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight (SELDI-TOF) MS analysis was performed in six good and six non-responding RA patients to study functional high density lipoprotein (HDL) protein composition changes in time. RESULTS: In the total group (n=49), the atherogenic index decreased from 4.3 to 3.9 (∼9%) after 6 months. Testing for effect modification revealed a difference in the effect on lipid levels between responders and non-responders upon RTX (p<0.001). ApoB to ApoA-I ratios decreased significantly (∼9%) in good responding (n=32) patients. SELDI-TOF MS analysis revealed a significant decrease in density of mass charge (m/z) marker 11743, representing a decrease in serum amyloid A, in good responding patients. CONCLUSION: This study indicates beneficial effects on cholesterol profile upon RTX treatment along with improvement of disease activity. Proteomic analysis of the HDL particle reveals composition changes from proatherogenic to a less proatherogenic composition during 6 months RTX treatment. Whether these HDL particle alterations during immunotherapies result in a lower CV event rate remains to be established.

Predictors of anterior and posterior wall carotid intima media thickness progression in men and women at moderate risk of coronary heart disease.

BACKGROUND: The rate of carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) progression has been widely used in clinical trials as a surrogate marker for subclinical atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between coronary heart disease (CHD) risk markers and progression of CIMT in patients at moderate CHD risk. METHODS: Participants included men (45-75 years) and women (55-74 years) in the control arm of a clinical trial. All had at least one major CHD risk factor and baseline posterior wall CIMT 0.7-2.0 mm, without significant stenosis. Posterior (n = 134) and anterior wall (in a subset, n = 72) CIMT were assessed with B-mode ultrasound at baseline and 12 and ∼18 months. Fasting lipoprotein lipid, apolipoprotein (Apo), inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers were evaluated. RESULTS: Baseline CIMT was inversely associated (P < .001) with CIMT progression. After adjustment for baseline CIMT, significant predictors of anterior wall CIMT progression in linear regression analyses included glucose (P = .044), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, inverse, P = .006), triglycerides (TG, P = .006), and ratios of total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C (P = .013), TG/HDL-C (P = .005), and Apo B/HDL-C (P = .021). Posterior wall CIMT progressed on average, whereas anterior wall CIMT regressed (0.0078 vs -0.0164 mm/year, P = .014). Significant baseline CIMT-adjusted predictors of posterior wall CIMT progression included TC (P = .028), low-density lipoprotein-C (P = .035), non-HDL-C (P = .004), TG (P = .016), Apo B (P = .005), and ratios of TC/HDL-C (P < .001), TG/HDL-C (P = .015), Apo B/Apo AI (P = .012) and Apo B/HDL-C (P = .004). CONCLUSION: The strongest predictors for CIMT progression in anterior and posterior walls were lower baseline CIMT, increased TG, and elevated ratios, including TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C and Apo B/HDL-C.

Dietary fenugreek seed regresses preestablished cholesterol gallstones in mice.

An animal study was carried out to evaluate the influence of dietary fenugreek seeds on regression of preestablished cholesterol gallstones (CGS). CGS was induced by feeding a high-cholesterol diet for 10 weeks. After CGS induction, the animals were maintained for a further 10 weeks on experimental diets of high cholesterol, 6% fenugreek powder, 12% fenugreek powder, or basal control. Incidence of CGS and its severity were evaluated at the end of this feeding regimen. The incidence of CGS was significantly lowered as a result of dietary fenugreek seeds, the extent of regression being 61% and 64% in the low and high dose groups compared with 10% regression in the basal control group. The antilithogenic influence of dietary fenugreek was accompanied by significant reductions of more than 35% in serum cholesterol concentration. Hepatic cholesterol concentration was also profoundly lowered by dietary fenugreek, being 53%-63% lower than that of the basal control diet. Biliary cholesterol concentration was significantly lower as a result of dietary fenugreek during the post-CGS induction period, resulting in a decreased cholesterol:phospholipid ratio (0.44 and 0.40 compared with 0.79 in the basal control group). Biliary cholesterol : bile acid ratio was lowered by 67% and 73% upon feeding fenugreek, significantly lower than that in the basal control group. The cholesterol saturation index in the bile was also beneficially lowered by fenugreek treatment during the post-CGS induction period (the index was 0.90 and 0.42 compared with 1.86 in the basal control group). The present study provides evidence of the potency of hypolipidemic fenugreek seeds in regressing preestablished CGS, and this beneficial antilithogenic effect is attributable to its primary influence on cholesterol levels. This finding is significant in the context of evolving a dietary strategy to address CGS, which could help in preventing the incidence and regression of existing CGS and controlling possible recurrence.

Clinical inquiries: What is the dietary treatment for low HDL cholesterol?

Low-carbohydrate diets raise high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels by approximately 10%; soy protein with isoflavones raises HDL by 3% (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, based on meta-analysis of physiologic parameters). The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and multivitamin supplementation raise HDL 21% to 33% (SOR: C, based on single randomized trial each measuring physiologic parameters). No other dietary interventions studied raise HDL (SOR: C, based on meta-analysis of physiologic parameters).

Intestinal lipids and minerals in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats fed bitter yam (Dioscorea polygonoides) sapogenin extract.

Yam is the leading form of staple for millions of people in the tropical and subtropical countries. They are good sources of carbohydrate. However, the protein content of yam is low. The effect of bitter yam sapogenin extract or commercial diosgenin on faecal minerals and intestinal lipids in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was studied. Sapogenin extract or commercial diosgenin (1%) supplemented diets were fed to diabetic male Wistar rats for three weeks. Bitter yam sapogenin extract or commercial diosgenin did not significantly alter faecal magnesium, calcium, and zinc excretion but significantly decreased faecal sodium and potassium excretion. The absorption of iron was impaired by bitter yam sapogenin extract or commercial diosgenin during the first week of feeding. Bitter yam sapogenin extract or commercial diosgenin supplements significantly decreased intestinal lipids towards normal. Faecal lipids excreted was significantly higher in diabetic rats fed bitter yam sapogenin extract or commercial diosgenin for the three weeks period compared to the diabetic control group. These results show that bitter yam sapogenin extract or commercial diosgenin does not have the same effects on mineral excretion in diabetes. There was no direct correlation between the decrease in excretion of mono-valent cations and the activity of intestinal Na+/K+ATPase.

Effect of red mold rice supplements on serum and meat cholesterol levels of broilers chicken.

Monacolin K is a secondary metabolite produced by Monascus species. It was found that it is able to decrease cholesterol levels. In this study, red mold rice (RMR) was added to the diet of Arbor Acres broiler chickens, and the cholesterol level in meat, as well as the concentration of triglyceride, the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the serum were evaluated. Four-week-old broilers are studied and divided into four groups in that each group contains 15 subjects. A 3-week experimental feeding trial was conducted in which three groups of broilers were fed 2.0, 5.0, and 8.0% of RMR (RMR groups) within their diet, respectively, and the result was compared to the control group. The results indicated that for each RMR group, the cholesterol content was significantly lower than that of the control group; in addition, their meat products contain higher level of unsaturated fatty acids. Triglyceride and cholesterol concentration in serum was also found to be considerably lower in RMR groups when compared to control group. Finally, in RMR groups, HDL-C/LDL-C and HDL-C/cholesterol ratios were all higher than those of the control group. In short, the results demonstrated that the cholesterol levels could be lowered by adding RMR to the diet of chickens.

Effects of atorvastatin on high-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein A-I metabolism in dogs.

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms involved in the decline of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels at a higher dose of atorvastatin have not yet been elucidated. We investigated the effects of atorvastatin on HDL-apolipoprotein (apo) A-I metabolism in dogs, a species lacking cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven ovariectomized normolipidaemic female Beagle dogs underwent a primed constant infusion of [5,5,5-(2)H(3)] leucine to determine HDL-apo A-I kinetics before and after atorvastatin treatment (5 mg kg(-1) d(-1) for 6 weeks). Plasma lipoprotein profiles, activity of HDL-modifying enzymes involved in reverse cholesterol transport and hepatic scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) expression were also studied. RESULTS: Atorvastatin treatment decreased HDL-cholesterol levels (3.56 +/- 0.24 vs. 2.64 +/- 0.15 mmol L(-1), P < 0.05). HDL-triglycerides were not affected. HDL-phospholipids levels were decreased (4.28 +/- 0.13 vs. 3.29 +/- 0.13 mmol L(-1), P < 0.05), as well as phospholipids transfer protein (PLTP) activity (0.83 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.60 +/- 0.05 pmol microL(-1) min(-1), P < 0.05). Activity of lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT), hepatic lipase (HL) and SR-BI expression did not change. HDL-apo A-I absolute production rate (APR) was higher after treatment (twofold, P < 0.05) as well as fractional catabolic rate (FCR) (threefold, P < 0.05). This resulted in lower HDL-apo A-I levels (2.36 +/- 0.03 vs. 1.55 +/- 0.04 g l(-1), P < 0.05). Plasma lipoprotein profiles showed a decrease in large HDL(1) levels, with lower apo A-I and higher apo E levels in this subfraction. CONCLUSIONS: Although a high dose of atorvastatin up-regulated HDL-apo A-I production, this drug also increased HDL-apo A-I FCR in dogs. This effect could be explained by a higher uptake of apo E-enriched HDL(1) by hepatic lipoprotein receptors.

Antidiabetic potential of Butea monosperma in rats.

The antihyperglycemic activity of the ethanolic extract of Butea monosperma (BMEE) was studied in glucose-loaded and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Single dose treatment of BMEE (200 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly improved glucose tolerance and caused reduction in blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Repeated oral treatment with BMEE (200 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks significantly reduced blood glucose, serum cholesterol and improved HDL-cholesterol and albumin as compared to diabetic control group.

Effects of supplemental copper and chromium on the serum and egg traits of laying hens.

1. This study investigated the effects of supplemental copper and chromium on the serum and egg traits of laying hens using 144 forty-five-week-old White Leghorn layers. The hens were randomly assigned into 9 groups to conduct this 3 copper (0, 125 and 250 mg/kg as copper sulphate) x 3 chromium (0, 800 and 1600 microg/kg as chromium picolinate) factorial trial. 2. Egg yolk cholesterol was significantly reduced by supplementary copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) and there was an interaction between Cu and Cr supplementation. Egg production, egg weight, eggshell strength and eggshell thickness were not influenced by Cu or Cr supplementation. 3. Serum cholesterol concentration was decreased by Cu supplementation and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) was reduced markedly by both Cu and Cr. On the other hand, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was significantly increased by Cu and Cr. Interaction occurred between Cu and Cr in the VLDL and HDL parameters. Supplmentary Cu also reduced VLDL-cholesterol (VLDL-C) and enhanced HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), while supplemental Cr had a contrary effect on these two parameters. 4. If minimum egg cholesterol content is the criterion, this study suggests that 125 mg/kg of Cu together with 800 to 1600 microg/kg of Cr provide adequate supplementary concentrations for laying hens.

Potent hypocholesterolemic activity of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus YIT 8292 in rats fed a high cholesterol diet.

The hypocholesterolemic activities of 81 yeast strains were examined in rats fed a high cholesterol diet (HCD). Male Wistar rats were fed an HCD or an HCD supplemented with 10% yeast for 7 d. It was found that the hypocholesterolemic activities of the yeasts varied remarkably between strains. Kluyveromyces marxianus YIT 8292 exhibited the most potent hypocholesterolemic activity among the yeasts that were tested. K. marxianus YIT 8292 significantly decreased not only plasma total cholesterol but also liver total cholesterol when administered as a dietary admixture at a concentration of 3%. In contrast, brewer's yeast and baker's yeast, which have been predominantly used for food, did not exhibit hypocholesterolemic activity even when administered at a concentration of 10%. These results suggest that K. marxianus YIT 8292 may be utilized as a novel food material with the ability to contribute to the prevention of hypercholesterolemia.

Germinated brown rice extract shows a nutraceutical effect in the recovery of chronic alcohol-related symptoms.

Chronic ethanol abuse can cause liver damage and unfavorable lipid profiles in humans and rodents. Phytonutrients have the potential to partially reverse some of the adverse effects of alcoholism. In this study, a germinated brown rice grown under conditions that favor high concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was evaluated for protective effects against the toxic consequences of chronic ethanol use. Serum and hepatic lipid concentrations and enzymes indicative of liver damage were determined in mice chronically administered ethanol. Balb/c mice were fed with either AIN-76 diet (control), control diet plus ethanol, or control diet plus ethanol and supplemental brown rice extract for 30 days. The extract naturally contained 841 nmol GABA per milliliter and was prepared from germinated brown rice. Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), liver aspartate aminotransferase, and liver alanine aminotransferase levels were increased in mice administered ethanol, but not in mice given ethanol and brown rice extract. The brown rice extract significantly increased serum and liver high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations. Furthermore, administration of the extract prevented ethanol-induced increases in liver triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations. These findings raise the possibility that brown rice extracts containing a high level of GABA may have a nutraceutical role in the recovery from and prevention of chronic alcohol-related diseases.

Effects of soy and other natural products on LDL:HDL ratio and other lipid parameters: a literature review.

Abnormal lipid levels contribute significantly to the risk of coronary heart disease, a major cardiovascular disease and a serious health problem. Various dietary and pharmacologic treatments have been devised to reduce elevated blood cholesterol levels. Soy protein, soluble fiber, and plant sterol/ester-containing margarines are promising new food-component candidates that may help to realize this goal. Of particular interest in this context is the LDL:HDL ratio, a strong predictor of cardiac events. This report is a review of more than 50 recent trials to determine how such dietary components and garlic affect the LDL:HDL ratio and other lipid parameters. Consumption of new soy products containing high, fixed levels of isoflavones, cotyledon soy fiber, and soy phospholipids (Abaco and Abalon) significantly reduced the LDL:HDL ratio by up to 27%. Soluble dietary fibers such as psyllium and beta glucan from oat bran had a variable effect on LDL-cholesterol levels in the studies analyzed. Plant sterol esters, when consumed in margarines, lowered the LDL:HDL ratio by up to 22%. On average, Abacor and Abalon reduced the LDL:HDL ratio by 20%, LDL cholesterol by 15%, total cholesterol by 10%, and triglycerides by 6%, and increased HDL cholesterol by 5%. The new soy-based supplements may therefore play a valuable role in reducing cardiovascular risk.

Effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated and n-3 fatty acids on fasting lipoproteins, LDL size and post-prandial lipid metabolism in healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND: The influence of the quality of dietary fat on some aspects of lipid metabolism-i.e. lipoprotein concentrations, post-prandial lipids and LDL size-is not completely understood, especially in healthy individuals. OBJECTIVES: Aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different types of dietary fat (monounsaturated vs. saturated fatty acids, and n-3 or placebo supplementation) on fasting lipoproteins, LDL size and post-prandial lipids in healthy people. DESIGN: One hundred and sixty-two individuals were randomly assigned to follow two isoenergetic diets, one rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA diet) and the other in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA diet). Each group was further randomised to receive supplementation with fish oil (3.6 g/day) or placebo. RESULTS: The type of diet significantly affected LDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol content, which was higher with the SFA diet and lower with the MUFA diet. The changes between the two diets were statistically significant for cholesterol (P<0.01) and triacylglycerol (P<0.03). VLDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol were significantly reduced and LDL cholesterol significantly increased by fish oil supplementation. Plasma triacylglycerol was significantly lower in those taking n-3 fatty acids, also 1 and 3 h after a test-meal. Neither type of diet nor n-3 supplementation affected LDL size. CONCLUSIONS: A moderate substitution of saturated fatty acids with monounsaturated fatty acids has beneficial effects on lipid metabolism also in healthy individuals. A moderate supplementation of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in healthy individuals reduces both fasting and post-prandial triacylglycerol concentrations but increases LDL cholesterol, irrespective of the type of diet.